One of the goals of medicinal chemistry research and drug discovery is to provide a rational basis for the design of new medicinal agents. Organic compounds and their reactions have been utilized by people since antiquity. Due to the increasing demand for bioactive molecules, organic chemists are increasingly required to synthesize new compounds of biological interest. As Benzimidazoles are very useful intermediates for the development of molecules of pharmaceutical or biological interest, this review study was conducted to explore the effects of Benzimidazole derivatives on digestive system and cardiovascular system.

Sturgeon is one of the most important species of the Caspian Sea aquatics. Unfortunately, this species faces the threat of extinction today. This makes specific studies on any type of sturgeons more important than before. Studies like histological studies, radiology, and sonography, all require a complete understanding of the anatomy of this fish. Since pilot studies showed some misconceptions in description of the sturgeon digestive system, this study was conducted to evaluate more precise anatomical structure of the digestive system of Acipenser persicus as the most important sturgeon species of Iran.A total of 40 adult Acipenser persicus were used in this experiment. They were autopsied primary to the study. All parts of the digestive system from buccal cavity toward rectum and anal orifice were evaluated. The anatomical structure and relations of the different parts of the digestive system including oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, glandular stomach, muscular stomach, pyloric process, small intestine, spiral intestine, rectum, liver and pancreas were described.The digestive tube is relatively short. The stomach has two parts. The first part, or the proventricle, is U-shaped. The second part or gizzard has thick muscles and is almost surrounded with liver lobes. Pyloric caecum is located on the left side bottom of the gizzard as a sponge like structure. The intestines are made of 3 parts: the small intestine, the spiral colon, and the rectum. The small intestine has two flexures that separate it to three parts named the descending, ascending, and the end part, respectively. The spiral colon is the longest part of the digestive tube. This part has mucosal spiral septum on the inner surface. The rectum is short and located in the middle of the abdominal cavity. However, in the present study the opening was shown to be located in the muscular stomach and the intestine junction, just close to the gall bladder duct opening.

In cytogenetic studies, preparing well scattered chromosomes within mitotic cells in microscopic specimens for a high resolution is always a bottle neck for cytologists. To overcome this problem, snail digestive system exudates was used instead of commercial enzymes which are routinely used in order to digest the mitotic cell organelles for preparing transparent mitoticcells. This was done to investigate the possibility of substitution of an endemic and easily accessible tool for the commercial enzyme. To extract the exudates, snails were collected from Arasbaran forests and the digestivesystem exudates were extracted. The exudates were centrifuged for 30 minutes at 4000 RPM and the supernatants were kept at zero degree centigrade. In microscopic studies on the species of Agropyron tauri the exudates was applied on root meristem after pretreatment, hydrolyze and staining processes which caused a uniform scattering of the chromosomes on the mitotic cell plate.

An experiment was conducted under completely randomized design to study the effect of different levels of probiotic Biomin IMBO (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 per cent) in starter, (0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 per cent) in grower and (0.0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.0375 per cent) in finisher diets on morphology of digestive system and immuno system of broiler chicks for 49 days.400 day old chicks (mixed male and female) were procured and divided in to four treatments and four replicates (25 chicks in each replicate). Morphology of digestive system was studied through slaughtering of 2 chicks from each treatment at the end of experiment. Microorganism colonies in the gut (small intestine) were counted. Immune system was studied as production of different Anti body through SRBC injection in chicks. As result was revealed, probiotic had significantly effect on morphology of small intestine (villi, height and the length of crypts cells) as compare to control groups (p<0.01). It was observed that, most differences owed to treatment 2, 3 and 4 as compare to control group (p<0/01). In case of crypt cells (width and depth of cells), treatments 3, 2 and 4 had significant differences with control group (p<0.01).Where as differences among themselves were not significant. probiotic also had significantly effects on levels of blood anti-body production in various treatments (p<0.01). Incase of one week after injections of SRBC, treatment 2 showed decreasing trend of producing anti-body, as compare to other experimental groups, and differences were significant (p<0.05). Even though, after two weeks of post injections, the lowest levels of anti-body production were owed to treatment 3 and 4 as compare to other groups (p<0.05). The highest and the lowest levels of anti-body titrations against Newcastle virus after injection SRBC were owed to treatment 4 and 3 respectively, as compare to other groups and differences between them were significant (p<0.05). The highest and the lowest levels of anti-body titrations of Bronchitis along with influenza were belong to treatments 3 and 2 respectively as compare to other experimental groups (p<0.05). By this knowledge, it can be proposed to the poultry industries to use pobiotic (Biomin IMBO) safely at the rate of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 kg/ton in the broiler chicks rations when they are reared under ideal conditions.

The current review aimed to synthesize the literature on the complex relationship between food consumption and nutritional status as well as the digestive system in order to examine the relationship between immunity and potential responses to COVID-19 infection. The goal is to help inform the many healthcare professionals working with COVID-19 patients. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases. Hand searches were also undertaken using Google and reference lists to identify recent evidence. Studies were critically appraised, and the findings were analyzed by narrative synthesis. Nutritional status can impact immunity in several ways, including affecting susceptibility to infection, severity of disease, and recovery time, and is therefore a significant consideration in the management of COVID-19. COVID-19 can also impact digestive function, which can further impact nutritional status. The role of Vitamin D deficiency in vulnerability to severe respiratory infections, including COVID-19, has been recognized, and it may have a role in treatment where deficiency is indicated. Healthcare professionals should be aware that obesity may be accompanied by micronutrient malnutrition including vitamin D deficiency and alterations in the microbiome and inflammatory responses, which can further impact immunity and disease severity. Multidisciplinary team-work is recommended in the management of patients with COVID-19, and approaches should include a consideration of nutritional status (both macronutrients and micronutrients), body weight, and gastrointestinal signs and symptom.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a member of the large family of coronaviruses, and typically causes respiratory symptoms. In addition to primary lung infection, the virus can spread to distant vital organ such as kidneys and the digestive system which can potentially lead to organ dysfunction and various clinical presentations. . . .

Background & objectives: This study aims to assess the antibacterial efficacy of montmorillonite nanoclay modified with silver and bismuth nanoparticles against Escherichia coli, a common gram-negative bacterium known for causing gastrointestinal and extraintestinal infections. Methods: Methods: In this research, the initial steps for producing montmorillonite nanoclay included extracting bentonite from mines, crushing and grinding the raw material, and then sieving the resulting powder to obtain particles smaller than 74 μm. The nanoclay underwent optimization and was treated with silver and bismuth nanoparticles. The analysis involved electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, laser diffraction for particle size assessment, and evaluation of quartz peak intensity to measure the effectiveness of the antibacterial nanoclay synthesis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined through agar dilution to assess its impact on E. coli viability in vitro. Results: Utilizing Results: Using montmorillonite particles smaller than 2 μm was effective in producing pharmaceutical nanoclay. The montmorillonite nanoclay with silver showed the highest efficacy against the standard E. coli strain, with a MIC value of 64 μg/mL. Following in effectiveness were the bismuth nanoparticle-modified nanoclay and the montmorillonite nanoclay, having MIC values of 128 and 512 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The physical production method emerged as the safest and most efficient approach for pharmaceutical-grade nanoclay. Treating nanoclay with silver ions showed greater success compared to bismuth nanoparticle modification.